![From left] Harlan Cleveland, Paul Ehrlich, and George Mitchell at the Third Woodlands Conference, 1979. Schmandt, v.](https://cdn.filepicker.io/api/file/jgmEsR1zToCmPLEZ2gQq/convert?fit=max&format=jpg&h=&quality=95&w=408&compress=true&fit=max)
Student Work
Detail of “Close Combat Course”; Sketch to Accompany Inclosure 2 in 353.01/61–GnGTC (2-4-43); H.Q. A.G.F. to all Commanding Generals (February, 4 1943) “Subject: Special Battle Courses”; Training Directives; Background Files: “Military Training in WWII” 1939-1945; Record Group 319, National Archives Building, College Park, M.D.
“A Simulated Demonstration of Capture of a Model Nazi Village Mined with Booby Traps, Infantry Troops are Armed with M1. 30 Cal. Rifles, Thompson .45 Cal. sub-Machine Guns” Camp Forrest, Tennessee, January 23rd 1943; Signal Corps Photo
#167090; Record Group 111- SC, Box 430; National Archives Building, College Park, M.D.
“Selby Hill Combined Arms Collective Training Facility, Fort Benning, G.A.,” 2011, Maneuver Center of Excellence Photographer/Army Public Affairs Office, MCoE Digital Archive.
“View of Single Story Residential Homes, Townhouses, Church, and Municipal Building.” Fort Benning, G.A., May 24, 2016, Photographs by Author.
![Pasadena Art Institute, “Art in War Training: June 3 to June 30, 1943” [Exhibition Pamphlet];; Pasadena Art Institute Archive; Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, C.A.](https://cdn.filepicker.io/api/file/NDGdFuOSKGu4snXfPmD9/convert?fit=clip&format=jpg&h=&quality=75&w=1196&compress=true&fit=clip)
Pasadena Art Institute, “Art in War Training: June 3 to June 30, 1943” [Exhibition Pamphlet];; Pasadena Art Institute Archive; Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, C.A.
Title
Strategic Model Theater
Project Description
From 1946 to 1962, within the fields of military and applied psychology, a methodological shift occurred concerning how to best design synthetics (training aids and devices) to facilitate training transfer (the application of skills acquired in a synthetic environment to a real operational situation). During this period, the work of the military psychologists Charles Osgood, Robert Gagné, and James Gibson was crucial to destabilizing the long held transfer theory of “identical elements” which necessitated direct, observable, correlations between the training and performance environments. This principle had originated in the 1901 studies of the educational psychologist Edward Thorndike and had held an inordinate influence over design and operation of training devices and programs in the military over the previous 40 years. Using the principle of identical elements as its origin, this history progresses from superficial resemblance, the common-sense standard of physical fidelity, through structural resemblance, the less apparent, but more efficient feature of functional fidelity, and culminates in the perceptual resemblance of psychological fidelity, which allowed for more oblique representational modes to emerge.